what bill required 50 of the voters of a state to take a loyalty oath

Between 1863 and 1877, the U.South. authorities undertook the job of integrating nearly four one thousand thousand formerly enslaved people into society after the Civil War bitterly divided the country over the issue of slavery. A white slaveholding south that had built its economy and civilization on slave labor was now forced by its defeat in a war that claimed 620,000 lives to alter its economic, political and social relations with African Americans.

"The state of war destroyed the institution of slavery, ensured the survival of the matrimony, and ready in motion economic and political changes that laid the foundation for the mod nation," wrote Eric Foner, the author of Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877. "During Reconstruction, the United States made its first attempt. . .to build an egalitarian society on the ashes of slavery."

Reconstruction is mostly divided into three phases: Wartime Reconstruction, Presidential Reconstruction and Radical or Congressional Reconstruction, which ended with the Compromise of 1877, when the U.Southward. government pulled the last of its troops from southern states, ending the Reconstruction era.

Wartime Reconstruction

Freedmen's Schoolhouse in Beaufort, S Carolina, c. late 1860s.

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December 8, 1863: The 10-Per centum Programme
Ii years into the Ceremonious War in 1863 and virtually a twelvemonth later signing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Abraham Lincoln announced the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction or the Ten-Per centum Plan, which required 10 percent of a Confederate state's voters to pledge an oath of allegiance to the Union to begin the process of readmission to the Union.

With the exception of summit Confederate leaders, the announcement too included a full pardon and restoration of property, excluding enslaved people, for those who took office in the state of war against the Matrimony. Eric Foner writes that Lincoln's Ten-Percentage Programme "might be amend viewed as a device to shorten the war and solidify white support for emancipation" rather than a genuine effort to reconstruct the south.

July 2, 1864: The Wade Davis Bill
Radical Republicans from the Firm and the Senate considered Lincoln'south Ten-Pct program too lenient on the South. They considered success zero less than a complete transformation of southern society.

Passed in Congress in July 1864, the Wade-Davis Neb required that 50 per centum of white males in rebel states swear a loyalty adjuration to the constitution and the union before they could convene country constitutional convents. Co-sponsored past Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Congressman Henry Davis of Maryland, the bill besides called for the government to grant African American men the right to vote and that "anyone who has voluntarily borne artillery confronting the United states," should be denied the right to vote.

Asserting that he wasn't set up to be "inflexibly committed to any unmarried plan of restoration," Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill, which infuriated Wade and Davis, who accused the President in a manifesto of "executive usurpation" in an attempt to ensure the support of southern whites one time the war was over. The Wade-Davis Bill was never implemented.

January 16, 1865: Forty-Acres and a Mule
On this day, Full general William Tecumseh Sherman issued Field Guild No. 15, which redistributed roughly 400,000 confiscated acres of land in Lowcountry Georgia and South Carolina in twoscore-acre plots to newly freed Black families. When the Freedmen's Bureau was established in March 1865, created partly to redistribute confiscated land from southern whites, it gave legal title for forty-acre plots to African Americans and white southern unionists.

After the war was over, President Andrew Johnson returned most of the land to the former white slaveowners. At its acme during Reconstruction, the Freedmen's Bureau had 900 agents scattered across 11 southern states handling everything from labor disputes to distributing article of clothing and nutrient to starting schools to protecting freedmen from the Ku Klux Klan.

Apr 14, 1865: Lincoln's Assassination
Six days after General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to the Spousal relationship Army's Commanding General Ulysses Grant in Appomattox, Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War, Lincoln was shot at Ford'southward Theater in Washington D.C. past John Wilkes Booth, a stage actor.

Just 41 days before his bump-off, the 16th President had used his second inaugural address to betoken reconciliation between the n and south. "With malice toward none; with charity for all ... let us strive to stop the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds," he said. But the effort to bind these wounds through Reconstruction policies would be left to Vice President Andrew Johnson, who became President when Lincoln died.

READ More: At His Second Inauguration, Abraham Lincoln Tried to Unite the Nation

Presidential Reconstruction

Political cartoon depicting Vice President Andrew Johnson and President Abraham Lincoln as they endeavour to mend a tear in the United States during Reconstruction, 1865.

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May 29, 1865: Andrew Johnson'southward Reconstruction Plan
President'south Johnson'due south Reconstruction plan offered general amnesty to southern white people who pledged a hereafter loyalty to the U.S. regime, with the exception of Confederate leaders who would later receive individual pardons.

The plan also gave southern whites the power to repossess property, with the exception of enslaved people and granted the states the right to start new governments with provisional governors. Nonetheless Johnson's plan did zip to deter the white landowners from continuing to economically exploit their former slaves.

"Nigh from the moment the Ceremonious War ended," writes Eric Foner, " the search began for the legal means of subordinating a volatile Black population that regarded economic independence as a corollary of freedom and the old labor bailiwick as a bluecoat of slavery."

Dec 6, 1865: The 13th Subpoena
The ratification of the 13th Subpoena abolished slavery in the Us, with the "exception as a punishment for a criminal offence." Lincoln's Emancipation Annunciation on January 1, 1863 only covered the 3 one thousand thousand slaves in Confederate-controlled states during the Civil War. The 13th amendment was the offset of three Reconstruction amendments.

READ More than: Does an Exception Clause in the 13th Amendment Still Allow Slavery?

Curlicue to Continue

1865: The Blackness Codes
To thwart any social and economical mobility that Blackness people might take under their status as costless people, southern states kickoff in belatedly 1865 with Mississippi and Southward Carolina enacted Black Codes, diverse laws that reinforced Black economic subjugation to their former slaveowners.

In South Carolina at that place were vagrancy laws that could pb to imprisonment for "persons who lead idle or disorderly lives" and apprenticeship laws that immune white employers to take Black children from homes for labor if they could prove that the parents were destitute, unfit or vagrants. According to Foner, "the entire complex of labor regulations and criminal laws was enforced by a police apparatus and judicial system in which Blacks enjoyed virtually no vocalisation whatever."

READ MORE: How the Blackness Codes Express African American Progress After the Civil War

Congressional Reconstruction

March ii, 1867: Reconstruction Act of 1867
The Reconstruction Act of 1867 outlined the terms for readmission to representation of rebel states. The bill divided the former Confederate states, except for Tennessee, into five military districts. Each state was required to write a new constitution, which needed to exist approved by a bulk of voters—including African Americans—in that state. In addition, each country was required to ratify the 13th and 14th amendments to the Constitution. Later on meeting these criteria related to protecting the rights of African Americans and their property, the former Confederate states could gain full recognition and federal representation in Congress.

July 9, 1868:14th Subpoena
The fourteen^th amendment granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including former enslaved persons, and provided all citizens with "equal protection under the laws," extending the provisions of the Nib of Rights to united states of america. The amendment authorized the government to punish states that abridged citizens' right to vote by proportionally reducing their representation in Congress.

WATCH: The 15th Amendment

February three, 1870: 15^th Subpoena
The 15th Amendment prohibited states from disenfranchising voters "on account of race, colour, or previous condition of servitude." The amendment left open the possibility, all the same, that states could institute voter qualifications every bit to all races, and many one-time amalgamated states took advantage of this provision, instituting poll taxes and literacy tests, among other qualifications.

READ MORE: When Did African Americans Get the Correct to Vote?

February 23, 1870: Hiram Revels Elected as First Black U.S. Senator
On this 24-hour interval, Hiram Revels, an African Methodist Episcopal government minister, became the first African American to serve in Congress when he was elected by the Mississippi Land Legislature to end the final two years of a term.

During Reconstruction, 16 African Americans served in Congress. Past 1870, Black men held iii Congressional seats in South Carolina and a seat on the state Supreme Court—Jonathan J. Wright. Over 600 Black men served in land legislators during the Reconstruction period.

Blanche K. Bruce, another Mississippian, became the first African American in 1875 to serve a full term in the U.South. Senate.

READ MORE: The Outset Blackness Man Elected to Congress Was Near Blocked From Taking His Seat

April 20, 1871:The Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871
To suppress Black economic and political rights in the South during Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups like the Knights of the White Camelia were formed to enforce the Blackness Codes and terrorize Blackness people and any white people who supported them.

Founded in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee past a group of Confederate veterans, the Ku Klux Klan carried out a reign of terror during Reconstruction that forced Congress to empower President Ulysses Southward. Grant to stop the group's violence. The Tertiary Enforcement Human activity or the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, every bit it is better known, allowed federal troops to make hundreds of arrests in South Carolina, forcing perhaps 2,000 Klansmen to abscond the state. Co-ordinate to Foner, the Federal intervention had "cleaved the Klan'south dorsum and produced a dramatic decline in violence throughout the Southward."

March one, 1875: Civil Rights Deed of 1875
The final major piece of major Reconstruction legislation, the Ceremonious Rights Human activity of 1875, guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public transportation, public accommodations and jury service. In 1883 the decision was overturned in the Supreme Court, yet. Justices ruled that the legislation was unconstitutional on the grounds that the Constitution did not extend to individual businesses and that it was unauthorized by the 13^thursday and 14^th amendments.

The Finish of Reconstruction

President Rutherford B. Hayes oversaw the end of Reconstruction.

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April 24, 1877:Rutherford B. Hayes and the Compromise of 1877
Twelve years after the close of the Civil War, President Rutherford B. Hayes pulled federal troops from their posts surrounding the capitals of Louisiana and South Carolina—the last states occupied past the U.S. government.

According Foner, Hayes didn't withdraw the troops as widely believed, but the few that remained were of no consequence to the reemergence of a white political rule in these states. In what is widely known as the Compromise of 1877, Democrats accustomed Hayes' victory every bit long every bit he made concessions such as the troop withdrawal and naming a southerner to his cabinet. "Every country in the South," said a Black Louisianan, "had got into the hands of the very men that that held us as slaves."

READ MORE: How the 1876 Election Effectively Ended Reconstruction

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